Exchange rates and currency conversion explained

From your first conversion to historical rate comparisons: find explanations with worked examples here.

Start with rate direction and the calculation formula. To assess a specific exchange offer, use the guides to reference rates and fees. Separate explanations of dates and charts cover past payments and longer-term developments.

Calculate exchange rates: formula, direction and examples

Convert euros and foreign currencies, calculate reciprocals and avoid common mistakes in rate direction and rounding.

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Reference rates and bank rates: why amounts differ

Understand the difference between a reference rate, a bank rate and the amount actually paid out — with a worked example.

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Compare exchange fees: calculate total costs

Consider fixed fees and rate markups together: compare exchange offers using the total charge and payout.

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Historical exchange rates: requested dates and rate dates explained

Convert historical amounts and interpret rate dates: observation days, weekends and the limits of the data series.

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Reading rate charts: periods, axes and changes

Learn to read currency charts: rate direction, time axis, highs and lows, and the limits of percentage changes.

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Currency conversion for travel: prices and budgets explained

Understand foreign-currency prices, convert travel budgets and distinguish reference amounts from card charges and cash costs.

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Terms and quick answers

Open the currency glossary · Converter FAQ · Currency pairs at a glance